Iran-Africa: Who’s who in Tehran’s influence network on the continent - The Africa Report

Iran's engagement across Africa has intensified considerably over the past decade, creating a complex geopolitical landscape that European investors and entrepreneurs must navigate carefully. Tehran's influence network spans from West Africa to the Horn of Africa, utilizing a sophisticated blend of diplomatic channels, commercial partnerships, and non-state actors to advance its strategic interests. Understanding these networks has become essential for European stakeholders operating in the continent's most volatile regions. Iran's approach to African engagement differs markedly from Western models. Rather than relying primarily on traditional foreign direct investment or development assistance, Tehran cultivates influence through regional proxies, militia networks, and selective commercial partnerships. This strategy has proven particularly effective in fragile states where institutional capacity remains weak and alternative sources of revenue are scarce. Countries including Guinea, Mali, and Eritrea have become focal points for Iranian diplomatic expansion, offering both ideological alignment and strategic geographic positioning. The Iranian network operates through multiple channels simultaneously. At the state level, Tehran maintains formal diplomatic relationships and participates in continental institutions like the African Union. Simultaneously, it supports non-governmental actors—including militia groups and security forces—that operate with varying degrees of official sanction. This dual approach creates multiple entry and exit points for influence,